The project has taken a design research approach to explore how to facilitate and support statistically appropriate use of secondary data from International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs) by a range of stakeholders. The breadth of the publicly available PISA datasets affords opportunities for school leaders, researchers and policy makers to examine variables beyond attainment data, providing information on a range of contextual factors that have the potential to be invaluable when seeking a deeper understanding of students’ experiences in schools. So, the aim of this project is to improve access to, understanding of, and engagement with PISA data among educational stakeholders through the co-development of an accessible, interactive online dashboard that can support evidence-informed discussion and decision-making.
The need for this platform has arisen as the OCED makes PISA data available, but expertise in both coding and statistics are needed to format the data so valid statistical analysis can be undertaken. For example, decisions regarding what and when comparisons are appropriate need to be made.
In the session, the tension involved in balancing the complexity and the interpretability of complex data when developing a range of visualisations will be explored. I will then discuss key priorities identified by a range of stakeholders and show how these affected the development of the dashboard. Workshop attendees will then have the opportunity to use the dashboard (including the PISA 2025 science specific data which will have been released by then), and to explore its potential benefits.
Science lessons often ask pupils to process abstract ideas, unfamiliar vocabulary, diagrams, models and practical observations all at once. This session explores how teachers can use selected ideas from cognitive science and neuroscience-informed research to make that complexity more manageable without oversimplifying the science.
The session will focus on three classroom applications: using dual coding to improve explanations and support understanding; applying cognitive load theory to design clearer instruction; and using retrieval practice to strengthen long-term memory.
Along the way, participants will consider where these approaches are most useful in science, where they can be misapplied, and how to adapt them for different contexts and age groups. This is a practical, evidence-informed session designed for classroom teachers and subject leaders who want to refine their teaching.
Participants will leave with a clearer understanding of the research base, concrete examples from science teaching, and strategies they can use to improve pupils’ learning, recall and confidence.
By the end of the session, participants will be able to: •identify key principles about memory and learning that are relevant to science teaching; •select and adapt dual coding strategies to support pupils’ explanations of scientific concepts; •apply cognitive load principles when planning explanations, modelling and tasks; •use retrieval practice in ways that support durable learning in science; •evaluate their own classroom practice for opportunities to improve clarity, retention and progression.
Background: When I started teaching, my training did not mention the brain - it was as if we'd forgotten that this is where learning happens! I have a degree in cognitive neuropsychology, so this seemed surprising. Happily, as my career progressed, the sector has moved on to a great understanding of the principles of cognitive science and I have been heartened to see the impact of this on students. Through classroom practice, collaboration with colleagues and engagement with research on memory and learning, I will share an approach that focuses on a small number of evidence-informed principles with clear relevance to science teaching. Rather than offering “quick fixes”, this session draws together practical strategies that have helped make explanations clearer, reduce unnecessary cognitive overload and strengthen long-term retention
The capability to image single molecules has revolutionised biology.
I will explain how these methods work and how we are currently applying them to study the molecular basis of neurodegenerative disease.
Lastly I will describe how our early single molecule work on DNA polymerase led to the development of next generation DNA sequencing, now widely used, and the lessons that can be learnt from this experience.
Research provides a means for exploring teaching and learning in classrooms and other contexts, with some studies suggesting new ways of working. Every year many science education Masters, PhD and EdD students develop an expertise in a specific area of science education which can provide useful insights into how science works in the classroom. Come along to this session to hear a range of findings arising from a number of these studies and join in discussions for those that interest you.
This session will present the design, implementation, and findings of a three year research and improvement project focused on raising the quality of science teaching and learning in high deprivation settings.
We worked with 32 primary schools to explore what improves science teaching — and what holds it back. You’ll hear how schools used science audits, teacher surveys, targeted CPD, and network meetings to build teacher confidence and strengthen classroom practice. We’ll share what changed, what teachers valued most, and how high-quality CPD helped schools understand their challenges and make improvements.
We’ll also discuss the real world barriers schools face — including high subject leader turnover — and what helped them keep making progress.
Participants will gain: • Evidence of impact, including clear improvements in teacher confidence, positive shifts in science teaching practice and excellent participant feedback on CPD quality • Insights into systemic challenges, particularly: - High turnover of science subject leaders and its effect on continuity - Practical strategies for supporting science subject leaders in high deprivation contexts - An approach for using deprivation related data to understand school needs and tailor support - Recommendations for sustaining improvement, even in schools with leadership instability
Background: Primary science teaching provision gaps in England remain strongly linked to socioeconomic deprivation. Schools serving communities with high levels of disadvantage often face additional barriers: limited departmental stability, fewer opportunities for sustained professional development and sometimes significant behavioural challenges.
This project worked with 32 schools across three ‘priority’ areas in the south-east of England (Edmonton, Medway and the North Thames Estuary) to understand their specific needs and to trial targeted support. The initiative combined school level diagnostic audits, teacher surveys, structured CPD, mentoring and ongoing collaboration through network meetings. The aim was to build capacity, strengthen subject leadership, and improve the quality of science teaching in a way that is responsive to each school’s context.
CPD and support was delivered across schools by Kulvinder Johal, Primary Science Mentor for the Primary Science Teaching Trust. Content was created by drawing on years of experience working in the classroom, backed up by research and findings on good primary science teaching in the sector.
We've all seen it: the student who can't focus for ten minutes in class will happily watch twenty or thirty science videos in a row on their phones.
Online science education has grown into a high-quality, mainstream part of how young people learn, sitting alongside the classroom rather than at its edges, and the best creators are now among the most influential science educators in the country. So what do they know that those in the classroom can borrow?
This session, chaired by Dave Allen, brings together some of the most successful science educators working on YouTube, TikTok and beyond for an open Q&A. Ask them how they grab and hold attention, turn a tricky topic into something memorable, and keep the science accurate under the pressure of the feed. It's a practical, honest conversation about the craft of engagement, the quality of learning that online education can deliver, and what genuinely transfers from a phone screen to a classroom.
I am Teacher of Innovation at Kelvinside Academy, a STEM educator and creator of STEM with Mr N, through which I have created hundreds of freely available STEM education videos and resources for teachers, children and families. Having spent most of my career as a primary classroom... Read More →
Associate Professor Learning and Teaching / Outgoing Chair of the ASE 25/26, University of Hertfordshire & Creative Primary Science Education Consultancy
I worked in primary schools for over twenty years as a classteacher, senior leader and Deputy Headteacher. I taught across Key stages 1, 2 and 3 in UK and in Spain. During this time I developed a passion for science, art and design, improvised drama, assessment for learning, creativity... Read More →
Research provides a means for exploring teaching and learning in classrooms and other contexts, with some studies suggesting new ways of working. Every year many science education Masters, PhD and EdD students develop an expertise in a specific area of science education which can provide useful insights into how science works in the classroom. Come along to this session to hear a range of findings arising from a number of these studies and join in discussions for those that interest you.
Our dedicated Chair Trio invite you to drop-in to the “Chair-Chat” sessions on one of the days of Annual Conference 2027. The Chair is a vital role to the ASE, and the elected Chair provides an authoritative voice for the thousands of members that the ASE supports, along with those working within the wider science education community. Those elected remain part of our Chair Trio for 3 years.
Got a question? Ever wondered about what goes on behind the scenes? Ever thought about getting involved in Committee activities? Are you wanting to know more about Professional Registration or writing an article in one of the ASE journals? First time attending our flagship Conference?
If this is your first ASE Conference, then please come along and say Hello.
We look forward to hearing your questions and will endeavour to answer them or point you in a selection of possible right directions!
Associate Professor Learning and Teaching / Outgoing Chair of the ASE 25/26, University of Hertfordshire & Creative Primary Science Education Consultancy
I worked in primary schools for over twenty years as a classteacher, senior leader and Deputy Headteacher. I taught across Key stages 1, 2 and 3 in UK and in Spain. During this time I developed a passion for science, art and design, improvised drama, assessment for learning, creativity... Read More →
Primary Science Education Consultant / Co-Chair of the ASE
Claire Seeley has been a teacher for over thirty years in a wide variety of contexts including both inner city and rural schools England. Claire is also a Primary Science Consultant, providing both continuing professional development and initial teacher training. She has a passion... Read More →
Associate Professor of Science Education, Nottingham Trent University
I started my professional career as a classroom teacher and science lead in a London primary school. I was and remain passionate about classroom learning that promotes a scientific mindset alongside the development of an understanding of key scientific concepts. This professional... Read More →
I'm a Chartered Science teacher, the registrar and Project Officer for the ASE (running the Keeping Science Practical project). I'm a senior professional development leader for the Science Learning Partnership network and I help the Science Council promote their professional registers. I'm an ex-special school senior leader, an ex-science teacher and an OUP author. I jointly run the ASE's Inclusive Science Educati... Read More →
Evolution is the most important concept in biology, yet it is often taught as an abstract topic with limited opportunities for practical investigation. Misconceptions surrounding evolution and natural selection remain common amongst students and the wider public, while teachers can face challenges relating to subject confidence, curriculum time, resourcing and practical accessibility. This workshop draws on ongoing PhD research at the University of Bath investigating how experimental evolution may support the teaching of evolution in a more engaging, accessible and evidence-informed way.
The session aims to: • explore common misconceptions surrounding evolution and natural selection; • examine current challenges and gaps in evolution education; • share emerging findings from an ongoing research project into experimental evolution in educational settings; • provide participants with hands-on experience of an experimental evolution activity using Pseudomonas fluorescens; • reflection on how inquiry-based practical approaches may support evolution education across diverse settings.
Participants will begin by exploring some of the most persistent misconceptions surrounding evolution, including teleological thinking, misunderstandings around “survival of the fittest”, and the idea that evolution only occurs over millions of years. Through discussion and short interactive activities, the workshop will examine why these misconceptions remain prevalent and how they may be reinforced unintentionally within teaching and popular culture. The session will then introduce an experimental evolution teaching package developed as part of an ongoing PhD project. Using genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens, the practical demonstrates the re-emergence of bacterial motility under selection pressure, enabling students to observe evolutionary change over a short timescale. Participants will engage with elements of the practical activity themselves and explore how the approach has been adapted to improve accessibility across a range of educational contexts, including schools with limited laboratory facilities.
Emerging findings from the study will be shared alongside discussion of inquiry-based learning, practical science, accessibility and student engagement. The session will conclude with opportunities for reflection and discussion around broader questions for biology education, including how evolutionary thinking might be more coherently embedded across the curriculum as a conceptual “golden thread”.
By the end of the session, participants will be able to: • identify common misconceptions associated with evolution education; • discuss barriers affecting the teaching of evolution in schools; • explain how experimental evolution can be used to support understanding of natural selection and adaptation; • evaluate the benefits and limitations of inquiry-based practical approaches within evolution education; • reflect on how evolutionary concepts could be revisited more coherently within biology teaching.
I am a science educator, evolution enthusiast and PhD researcher at the Centre for Evolution, University of Bath. I’m researching how we can teach evolution better, making it practical, accessible and a golden thread running throughout biology rather than something we wheel out... Read More →
This session explores how inquiry-based learning (IBL) in primary science can move beyond procedural or “pseudo” inquiry towards authentic inquiry where children genuinely hold epistemic authority within the classroom.
Drawing on an ongoing PhD study at the University of Cambridge Faculty of Education alongside practical classroom implementation using White Rose Science resources, the session will examine the relationship between teacher identity, working scientifically and pupil voice in primary science.
Recent national conversations have highlighted that while substantive knowledge is increasingly secure, disciplinary knowledge and authentic scientific inquiry remain underdeveloped. In many classrooms, children are still receiving science rather than actively doing science. This session argues that the challenge is not simply a lack of resources or curriculum structure, but a teacher identity issue.
The session will share findings from collaborative Lesson Study cycles conducted in a Year 4 classroom with a high proportion of EAL learners. The research focuses on how teachers interpret classroom moments such as silence, misconceptions, uncertainty and pupil struggle, and how those interpretations shape whether pupils are positioned as passive recipients of knowledge or active participants in scientific meaning-making.
Participants will explore the distinction between transmission teaching, pseudo-IBL and authentic IBL, considering how subtle teacher responses can either open or close epistemic space for children. Practical examples from science lessons will demonstrate how small shifts in teacher behaviour, such as allowing productive silence, redirecting questions back to pupils and encouraging peer-to-peer scientific discussion, can significantly increase student voice and disciplinary engagement while still working within existing curriculum structures.
Practical examples from a Year 4 science classroom will illustrate a clear inquiry-based lesson structure centred on recurring working scientifically skills. Lessons begin with recap activities and image stimuli that encourage children to notice, wonder and connect prior knowledge. Throughout the lesson, pupils repeatedly apply the same scientific skill in different contexts while teachers observe carefully for misconceptions, uncertainty and participation, using these observations to shape shared anchor charts and individual science journal entries. Exit passes are then used to assess developing understanding.
The session argues that this approach depends on teachers being confident in holding epistemic space for pupils, a confidence developed through collaborative Lesson Study and identity-focused professional reflection. Delegates will leave with practical, manageable strategies for collaborative planning, observation and reflection that can be implemented immediately in classrooms and schools.
Whilst this session is proposed by White Rose Education, this session is not promoting White Rose Science, and is focussing on the PhD research. This is not a funded initiative. The PhD researcher is a WRS customer and we are supporting him in his research.
White Rose Education is proud to sponsor the Primary Programme of the ASE 2027 Annual Conference
Created by teachers, mathematicians and scientists, White Rose Education is dedicated to helping every teacher become a world-class teacher.
White Rose Science takes the highly successful approach we pioneered with White Rose Maths and transfers it to the primary science curriculum. It uses a “small steps” approach to science teaching, and closely follows the national curriculum for science for years 1 - 6. It gives... Read More →
Inquiry-based learning is difficult to put into practice when we are teaching scientific content that is well-known and indisputable. If teachers already have the correct answers, why should students bother trying to find them out for themselves? Drawing from the history of science can help us find interesting questions that today’s mainstream science does not address and does not have ready answers to. I will illustrate this through examples taken from my previous and current work, including the anomalous boiling of water and the puzzle over the workings of the Voltaic battery. Taking inspiration from John Dewey, I focus on the experience of student. How can we help students have a true experience of science, both in experiencing natural phenomena and experiencing scientific inquiry? Dealing with phenomena that deviate from textbook descriptions can allow students to experience nature truly for themselves. Puzzling over how to make sense of such phenomena can give them the experience of actual scientific inquiry.
My discussion in this talk is part of a general attempt to enhance the interaction between science education and the history and philosophy of science (HPS). Despite great efforts by Michael Matthews, Douglas Allchin and others, HPS remains on the fringes of science education, and science education is not a major concern in mainstream HPS. This is a lamentable situation. On the side of philosophy of science, there is obvious potential for engagement with the teaching of the nature of science. From the history of science, I think the most promising contribution is to help students (and teachers) realise that respected past scientists have investigated nature in different ways from what we are now accustomed to, and that there is value in revisiting these alternative approaches.
Professor, Dept of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge
Hasok Chang is the Hans Rausing Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Cambridge. He received his degrees from Caltech and Stanford, and has taught at University College London.
He is the author of Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Pro... Read More →
This interactive workshop will give you a grounded, practical exploration of how AI can support workload reduction without creating additional stress, unrealistic expectations, or dependence on technology.
You will explore real examples of where AI can save time, including planning support, summarising information, drafting routine communications, adapting content for different audiences, generating starting points for resources, and reducing repetitive administrative tasks. Through discussion and short practical activities, you will consider how to evaluate when AI is genuinely useful, when it may be inefficient, and where caution is needed.
A key focus will be on critical use rather than blind adoption. You will consider issues such as accuracy, bias, safeguarding, privacy, and the importance of maintaining professional oversight.
Designed for educators and professionals who are curious about AI but want realistic, manageable approaches rather than technical deep dives or exaggerated claims, this session will leave you with practical ideas, increased confidence, and a clearer understanding of how AI can support, but not replace professional expertise.
Following this session, participants hopefully will be able to:
* Identify appropriate tasks where AI may reduce workload effectively. * Critically evaluate whether AI is the right tool for a specific task. * Apply simple AI-supported strategies to improve efficiency in planning, communication, and organisation. * Recognise common risks and limitations when using AI in professional settings. * Use AI more intentionally, ethically, and with clearer professional boundaries. * Trial at least one realistic AI workflow within their own practice.
PGCE Course Science Lead, Warwick University Centre for Teacher Education
Having been a physics teacher and Head of Department for over a decade, I am now Physics PGCE lead and a teaching fellow at the Centre for Teacher Education at the University of Warwick. I also take on freelance work and have supported OUP with the Kerboodle resources for the new... Read More →
We are proposing ‘Rich Retrieval’ as a teaching and learning strategy. Retrieval practice in primary science is often limited to the retrieval of discrete 'facts' using low-stakes quizzes. This may contribute to pupils having knowledge as lots of separate bits of information without understanding how they relate to each other. The retrieval of memories is ‘reconstructive’ - connections in the brain are reformed in the process of bringing a memory to mind - there is the possibility of not just strengthening those connections, but also extending them. We also know that dialogic talk in science lessons can improve conceptual understanding. So, we are exploring the premise that a richer form of retrieval can both consolidate and elaborate conceptual knowledge.
This session is based on our ongoing research into designing and evaluating retrieval activities for both consolidating and elaborating conceptual (substantive) knowledge in primary science. A team at Bath Spa University has been collaborating with teachers to develop and trial activities that use our Rich Retrieval strategies (known as 5Cs and a Q) to support the learning of key concepts for 7-11 year olds. A bank of 5-10 minute activities has been developed to match the current Key Stage 2 science curriculum for England, and we suggest that the Rich Retrieval strategies have a broader application. Our programme introducing this to primary teachers is currently being independently evaluated by the Education Endowment Foundation.
We see this research as an important example of how to bring together three different kinds of knowledge: science education research, educational neuroscience and teacher professional wisdom.
The workshop aims to: > Explain the rationale for the Rich Retrieval strategies in terms of cognitive neuroscience and science education research > Provide examples of Rich Retrieval activities and how to use them > Share insights from our research to date > Give participants the opportunity to share their experience of using retrieval in science lessons > Participants will leave the session with: > A deeper understanding of the potential of retrieval practice to support learning > Practical ideas about how to make retrieval practice richer > Questions about how to make the most of retrieval practice in their own context
I have explored Mars with the Curiosity Rover, orbiters and Martian meteorites.
This talks summarises how we have reached a new understanding about the evolution of Mars and its Habitable, ‘Warm and Wet’ ancient past, and how we plan to continue exploring Mars with new missions – robotic and human.
Join us to relax and unwind during lunchtime at the ASE Annual Conference. Enjoy three stunning short films showcasing fascinating wildlife and their ecosystems.
‘The Caretakers’ is a journey into the weird, wonderful and truly astonishing lives of the small yet mighty creatures who keep the world turning – beetles. They have been successful for millions of years, but they’re in serious trouble; what does the future hold for these incredibly important animals, and for us if they disappear? 21 minutes. Director – Tom Hanner
‘Creatures of the Kaleidoscope’ Explore one of natures most magical creatures, the Cuttlefish. Embark on a mesmerising journey of nature’s living kaleidoscopes. Follow these elusive creatures as this documentary delves deep into the extraordinary lives of these remarkable cephalopods, see their unique abilities as they morph into a stunning array of colours and shapes in a blink of an eye. Witness the incredible transformation from vulnerable prey to cunning predators, navigating the vast oceans ever changing surroundings and dangers. 18 minutes. Director – Hannah Jodie Alexander
‘Fascinating World of Wood Ants’ This film visualizes the lifecycle of Wood Ants and emphasizes their vital ecological role in the ecosystem. It showcases their journey, social dynamics, and ecological contributions, highlighting the importance of preserving their habitats in the face of environmental challenges. 11 minutes. Director – Siddique Salim Khan
These short films are kindly made available for viewing at ASE’s Annual Conference through ASE’s long-standing collaboration with the Museo de Ciencias of the Universidad de Navarra.
AS students increasingly turn to tools like ChatGPT and Gemini, we introduce a student-agency framework to help learners use AI more critically rather than over-relying on it.
In this workshop computer science education researchers will work with science educators to begin adapting the agency framework for use in the science classroom.
This workshop will bring together two urgent agendas in science education: helping students make sense of climate and media-based claims, and ensuring they can see clear, meaningful progression into green and vocational futures. It will explore how science curriculum and qualification design can better connect scientific knowledge, evidence evaluation, real-world relevance and future pathways.
Participants will explore how science education can connect disciplinary knowledge with climate literacy, media literacy and green skills; consider how qualification design can make science more relevant and future-facing; and think about how curriculum, assessment and pathways can work together to support informed, motivated and aspirational learners.
Participants will leave with practical ideas for linking science teaching to climate and media literacy, a clearer understanding of how green skills and progression routes can be surfaced within KS4 science, and a stronger framework for thinking about relevance, engagement and future-facing qualification design.
Gardens and other ecosystems depend on pollinators, including bees. As the number of bees and other insects are declining at alarming rates worldwide (e.g., The number of recorded flying insects in the UK fell by 62.5% between 2021 and 2024 [Ball et al., 2024]; Australia is losing up to three species of native insects and other terrestrial invertebrates to extinction every week [Woinarski et al., 2024]), one in four native bee species faces extinction (Kopek & Burd, 2017). Since two-thirds of crops depend on insect pollination, these declines pose serious threats to food security and biodiversity (Feuerbacher et al., 2025).
Teachers can raise awareness of these issues and engage students with pollinators through GBL, which creates a context where students can experience and explore nature, and it offers many benefits to students (e.g., increased physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and self-care skills) (Taşçı & Keleş, 2021). As a matter of ecojustice, GBL also provides equitable access to green spaces, particularly for students from underserved communities (Authors, 2026; Schönfelder & Bogner, 2018; Taşçı & Keleş, 2021).
This presentation will showcase a new K-12 STEAM garden-based learning (GBL) curriculum that focuses on biodiversity and sustainability and was co-developed by an interdisciplinary team of classroom teachers, STEM education researchers, and scientists. We will disseminate evidence of the curriculum’s efficacy from our research with teachers and students. There will be space for questions and answers towards the end of the session.
This presentation involves sharing a new STEAM GBL curriculum with support materials and research results on the efficacy of implementation.
Outcomes: Participants will learn about and explore free, online resources that integrate social and emotional learning through the 3-H learning model (Hearts-on, Hands-on, Heads-on). Resources include 135 integrated K-12 STEAM GBL lessons, recommended children’s literature and reference books, 24 teacher and family resource sheets for sustainable gardens, citizen science projects, and 18 STEM career videos. A limited number of native bee colouring books will be available to the first arriving attendees, with online access for all participants.
Background: As a science educator and researcher with more than 40 years of experience in science education leadership, including 10 years of public-school teaching, I have led 4 transdisciplinary teams in developing curricula for K-12 students and PreK teachers, including work with National Geographic, Primrose Schools, the Ohio Department of Education, and USDA-NIFA. This session will focus on our most recent project.
The biennial Science on Stage Festival took place in Klaipeda, Lithuania in May 2026.
The Science on Stage Festival brings together hundreds of teachers from across Europe and beyond to share and innovate strategies for teaching science at all levels, from early years through primary to secondary. In this session, members of the Science on Stage delegation which represented the UK at the Festival will describe and demonstrate some of the best bits from Klaipeda.
This session is being co-ordinated and chaired by Stuart Farmer, Chair of the Science on Stage UK National Steering Committee, along with some of those representing the UK in Klaipeda.
Learning and Skills Manager, IOP and Perimeter Institute
I was a teacher of physics in Scotland for over 30 years before becoming the Scottish Education Manager for IOP in February 2019. Throughout this time I have been active in curriculum and assessment development and providing professional learning for teachers. I am a former Chair... Read More →
Physics teacher and Lead Practitioner Teaching and Learning, The Priory School Hitchin
Over the last few years whilst working as a physics teacher Simon has created sets of ideas for teaching physics organised by topic area which are shared freely on a Creative Commons non-commercial licence via the www.teachphysics.org website. The aim has been to bring together practical... Read More →
There's a gap in the research on STUDENT perception and experience of microscale chemistry.
Why microscale - time, sustainability, ease (literature review of existing research).
The study: Mapped the AQA A level specification (including RPs) against existing microscale practicals. Students completed both activities, and then attended FG interviews and completed questionnaires. This study was conducted with two cohorts, each completing the macro and micro versions throughout Y12.
Findings from research project - what do the students think? Does it aid their understanding? Some interesting findings relating to SEND and cognitive load have been found (study still underway). The future: Exam boards are beginning to utilise microscale in exam-style questions (electrolysis example in GCSE Chemistry 2024), some discussion and implications.
Outcomes: Attendees will have a deeper understanding of the student experience during practical work, how microscale could be used in their classrooms, and what the benefits are for their students.
